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it is at its closest

  • 1 на ближайшем расстоянии от Земли

    •

    Venus at its closest is 42 gigametres away.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на ближайшем расстоянии от Земли

  • 2 на самом близком расстоянии от Земли

    •

    Mars when it is at its closest, is briefly brighter than Jupiter.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на самом близком расстоянии от Земли

  • 3 на ближайшем расстоянии от Земли

    •

    Venus at its closest is 42 gigametres away.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на ближайшем расстоянии от Земли

  • 4 на самом близком расстоянии от Земли

    •

    Mars when it is at its closest, is briefly brighter than Jupiter.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на самом близком расстоянии от Земли

  • 5 makam

    "1. position, post, office. 2. office (place of work). 3. classical Turkish mus. a concept of melodic creation that determines tonal relations, tessitura, starting tone, reciting tone, and the finalis, as well as an overall indication of the melodic contour and patterns (Its closest counterpart in Western music is the medieval concept of mode.). -ında by way of, as a token of; in the nature of: teşekkür makamında by way of thanks."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > makam

  • 6 Umgebung

    f
    1. einer Stadt etc.: surroundings Pl., environs Pl.; in der Umgebung (+ Gen.) oder von in the vicinity of; einer Stadt etc.: on the outskirts of; (um... herum) (a)round
    2. (Nachbarschaft) neighbo(u)rhood; jemandes: environment (auch Milieu); weitS. auch vicinity; gibt es ( hier) in der Umgebung ein Hotel / Schwimmbad? is there a hotel / swimming pool around here ( oder in the vicinity)?; eine bekannte / fremde Umgebung familiar / unfamiliar surroundings; sich an eine neue Umgebung gewöhnen / anpassen get used to / adapt to new surroundings
    3. einer hoch gestellten Persönlichkeit etc.: entourage; die Menschen seiner nächsten Umgebung the people he is closest to
    4. PHON. environment
    * * *
    die Umgebung
    ambit; neighborhood; environs; purlieus; environment; surroundings; vicinity; entourage; neighbourhood
    * * *
    Um|ge|bung
    f -, -en
    (= Umwelt) surroundings pl; (von Stadt auch) environs pl, surrounding area; (= Nachbarschaft) vicinity, neighbourhood (Brit), neighborhood (US); (COMPUT) environment; (= gesellschaftlicher Hintergrund) background; (= Freunde, Kollegen etc) people pl about one

    Hamburg und Umgébung — Hamburg and the Hamburg area, Hamburg and its environs or the surrounding area

    in der näheren Umgébung Münchens — on the outskirts of Munich

    in der weiteren Umgébung Münchens — in the area around Munich, in the Munich area

    zu jds (näherer) Umgébung gehören (Menschen) — to be one of the people closest to sb

    * * *
    die
    1) (the area etc that is round a place: a pleasant hotel in delightful surroundings.) surroundings
    2) (the conditions etc in which a person, animal etc lives: He was happy to be at home again in his usual surroundings.) surroundings
    * * *
    Um·ge·bung
    <-, -en>
    [ʊmˈge:bʊŋ]
    f
    1. (umgebende Landschaft) environment, surroundings pl; einer Stadt a. environs npl, surrounding area; (Nachbarschaft) vicinity, neighbourhood
    in nächster \Umgebung in the direct [or close] vicinity
    2. (jdn umgebender Kreis) people around one
    * * *
    die; Umgebung, Umgebungen
    1) surroundings pl.; (Nachbarschaft) neighbourhood; (eines Ortes) surrounding area

    die nähere/weitere Umgebung Mannheims — the immediate/broader environs pl. of Mannheim

    2) (fig.) milieu

    jemandes nähere Umgebung — those pl. close to somebody

    * * *
    1. einer Stadt etc: surroundings pl, environs pl;
    in der Umgebung (+gen) oder
    von in the vicinity of; einer Stadt etc: on the outskirts of; (um … herum) (a)round
    2. (Nachbarschaft) neighbo(u)rhood; jemandes: environment (auch Milieu); weitS. auch vicinity;
    gibt es (hier) in der Umgebung ein Hotel/Schwimmbad? is there a hotel/swimming pool around here ( oder in the vicinity)?;
    eine bekannte/fremde Umgebung familiar/unfamiliar surroundings;
    sich an eine neue Umgebung gewöhnen/anpassen get used to/adapt to new surroundings
    3. einer hochgestellten Persönlichkeit etc: entourage;
    die Menschen seiner nächsten Umgebung the people he is closest to
    4. PHON environment
    5. COMPUT (angeschlossene Hardware) environment
    * * *
    die; Umgebung, Umgebungen
    1) surroundings pl.; (Nachbarschaft) neighbourhood; (eines Ortes) surrounding area

    die nähere/weitere Umgebung Mannheims — the immediate/broader environs pl. of Mannheim

    2) (fig.) milieu

    jemandes nähere Umgebung — those pl. close to somebody

    * * *
    -en (Mathematik) f.
    neighborhood (US)
    (Mathematics) n.
    neighbourhood (UK)
    (Mathematics) n. -en f.
    adjacency n.
    environment n.
    environs n.
    surroundings n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Umgebung

  • 7 V

    V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.
    I.
    The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

    hence it is called,

    Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

    v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

    Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—
    II.
    V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—
    III.
    V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—
    IV.
    As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > V

  • 8 v

    V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.
    I.
    The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

    hence it is called,

    Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

    v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

    Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—
    II.
    V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—
    III.
    V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—
    IV.
    As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > v

  • 9 Language

       By 2009, the Portuguese language was spoken by more than 210 million people and the number of Portuguese-speakers exceeded the number of French-speakers in the world. Seven countries have Portuguese as the official language, Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe Islands, Angola, and Mozambique. Overseas Portuguese, who number 4 million, reside in another two dozen countries and continue to speak Portuguese. There are distinct differences between Brazilian and Continental (Portugal) Portuguese in spelling, pronunciation, syntax, and grammar, but both versions comprise the same language.
       Next to Rumanian, Portuguese is the closest of the Romance languages to old Latin. Like Gallician, to which it is intimately linked as a colanguage, Portuguese is an outgrowth of Latin as spoken in ancient Hispanica. It began to appear as a distinct language separate from Latin and Castilian in the ninth century, and historic Portuguese made its full appearance during the 12th and 13th centuries. Major changes in the language came under the influence of Castilian in the ninth and 16th centuries, and there was a Castilianization of Portuguese culture during the 1580-1640 era of Spanish rule of Portugal and its empire.
       The cultural aspects of Portugal reasserting her sovereignty and restoring national independence was a reaction against Castile and Castilianization. In language, this meant that Portugal opened itself to foreign, but non-Hispanic influences. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, French culture and French language became major influences enriching the Portuguese language. In international politics, there continued the impact of the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, a connection that has been less cultural than political and economic. For all the centuries of English influence in Portugal since the late 14th century, it is interesting how little cultural influence occurred, at least until recently, and how relatively few words from English have entered the language. With the globalization of English, this began to change in the late 20th century, but there remain many more loan words from Arabic, French, and Italian.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Language

  • 10 Zonca, Vittorio

    [br]
    b. c. 1568 Italy
    d. 1603 Italy
    [br]
    Italian architect who wrote a book on machines.
    [br]
    All that is known of Zonca is included on the frontispiece of the book that is his only claim to fame. He is there described as architect to the "Magnificent Community of Padua". He compiled a book on machines entitled Novo teatro de machine ed edificii (New Display of Machines and Edifices), illustrated with numerous fine engravings. It was printed in Padua in 1607, four years after his death, by Francesco Bertelli, who said of the book that it "came into my hands", as though he knew nothing of the author.
    During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a number of illustrated books on technical subjects appeared, compiled by knowledgeable and educated authors. These books greatly helped the spread of information about the technical arts throughout Europe. There were several books on mechanical devices, notably those by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca. In some ways, Zonca's is the most interesting, for it seems closest to the mechanical practice of the time. Several of the machines he describes are referred to as being in use in Padua or Venice and he suggests ways of improving them. The range of machines is wider than in other similar works and includes pumps, cranes, powder mills, printing and bookbinding presses and textile machines. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the water-driven silk-threading machine, since some of its components resemble those in use in the twentieth century. Spinning mills were widely used in the silk industry in sixteenth-century Italy, and Zonca offers a full description of one. He also shows the first example of an oblique treadwheel, driven by oxen for the grinding of grain. Even so, despite all the practical detail, the book ends, like others of its kind, with fantasy, in a description of a perpetual-motion machine.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.G.Keller, 1964, A Theatre of Machines, London: Chapman \& Hall (provides brief details and illustrations from the books by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Zonca, Vittorio

  • 11 oyoq

    1. leg, foot; end, limit, far end; place in a room closest to the door (i.e., farthest from the place of honor). oyoq ostida underfoot; near at hand, at every step of the way. oyoq bos to walk; to take a step; to go to. oyoq kiyimi footwear. oyoq osti bo’l to be trampled. oyoq osti qil to trample. oyoqqa bos to take steps, to (begin to) walk; to move forward. oyoqqa bostir to set on one’s feet; to set going. oyoqqa tur to stand up; to rise up; to get back on one’s feet. oyoqqa turg’iz /qo’y to set back on one’s feet, to set aright. oyoq ustida standing up. oyoqda/oyoq ustida/oyoquzra tur to stand on one’s own two feet. oyoqdan yiq(it) to topple; to undermine. oyoqdan qol to lose one’s ability to walk; to break down, to no longer be usable. oyoqda qoldir to leave standing, to leave in the lurch. bir oyoqi to’rda, bir oyoqi go’rda to have one foot in the grave. suyuq oyoq/oyoqi engil loose, whorish. oyoqi olti, qo’li etti overjoyed, on cloud nine. oyoq olish behavior, comportment. oyoqi osmonda foiled, defeated, overthrown. og’ir oyoq pregnant. oyoqi kuygan tovuqdek like a chicken with its head cut off. o’z oyoqi bilan on his own. oyoqi osmondan keldi to be overthrown. oyoq uchi bilan/oyoq tira to stand up for o.s., to be obstinate. oyoqim tortamayapti to have second thoughts about going. oyoq uzat /oyoq chiqar to become wayward. oyoq ostidan chiq to appear underfoot. oyoq qo’y to set to (doing s.t.). yuziga oyoq qo’y to do s.t. that flies in the face (of another). oyoqiga bosh ur /oyoqiga yiqil to bow down before s.o., to prostrate o.s. before s.o. o’z oyoqidan yit to leave of one’s own accord, to make o.s. scarce. oyoqidan tort to tattle on, to sell out (one’s accomplices). osmonga chiqsang oyoqingdan tortaman, erga kirsang, qulog’ingdan I’ll catch you no matter what. oyoqini osmondan keltir to overthrow. oyoqini qo’lga urib as fast as one’s legs can carry one. ikki oyoqini bir Etikka tiq /oldingi oyoqlar forelegs. oyoq mashina sewing machine. oyoq uchida on tiptoe. oyoq chal to trip up. oyoq chalishtirib o’tir to sit with one’s legs crossed. oyoqi ildam quick legged, nimble. oyoqdan hor to have one’s feet get tired. oyoq qo’l hand and foot; helper. oyoq qo’lli/oyoq qo’li chaqqon oyoqi to’rtta bo’l to be married, hitched. oyoq uz to stop visiting or frequenting 2. (originally wooden) dish, bowl; drinking glass

    Uzbek-English dictionary > oyoq

  • 12 J

    J, j, a consonant which, although originally represented by the same character as the vowel i, was distinguished from it by the ancients themselves, Charis. p. 1 P.; Diom. p. 416 ib.; Prisc. p. 544 ib.; Don. p. 1735 ib. al. The old grammarians supposed it to lengthen a preceding vowel (but v. Roby, Gram. 1, § 143). Its pronunciation was like that of the German j (or Engfish y) at the beginning of syllables, as jus, injuria, ejectus (Corss.). But where j occurs as a medial between two vowels, it is, according to the statement of the grammarians, to be pronounced double;

    wherefore, in such cases, it is also written double by many (e. g. by Cicero), as ajjo, Majja, ejjus, pejjus, etc.,

    Quint. 1, 4, 11; Prisc. p. 545 P.; Vel. Long. p. 2219 ib. al.; and in inscriptions with a tall I. The closest relation exists between j and the vowel i, and in the course of formation and inflection they are very often interchanged: Pompejus, Pompei; Gajus, Gai; jam, etiam, quoniam; ajo, aibam. By the poets, i was often hardened into j to form position: abjete, abjetibus, for abiete, abietibus; cf. Val. Prob. p. 1432 P.; Mar. Vict. p. 2474 ib. J is related to g, as magis, major. J arises from dj or di, as Juppiter, Jovis, from Djuppiter, Djovis. J was omitted before another i in compounds of jacio with monosyllabic prepositions: abicit, adicit, obicit, for abjicit, adjicit, objicit. The preposition is regularly long (Verg. A. 6, 421), but after the time of Ovid is sometimes shortened (Luc. 9, 188). A diphthong is sometimes formed with the preceding vowel: r??cĕ (Verg. E. 3, 96),??cĭt (Lucr. 3, 890). As an abbreviation, J. O. M. signifies Jovi Optimo Maximo; J. R. Juno Regina; J. V. T. Julia Victrix Togata.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > J

  • 13 j

    J, j, a consonant which, although originally represented by the same character as the vowel i, was distinguished from it by the ancients themselves, Charis. p. 1 P.; Diom. p. 416 ib.; Prisc. p. 544 ib.; Don. p. 1735 ib. al. The old grammarians supposed it to lengthen a preceding vowel (but v. Roby, Gram. 1, § 143). Its pronunciation was like that of the German j (or Engfish y) at the beginning of syllables, as jus, injuria, ejectus (Corss.). But where j occurs as a medial between two vowels, it is, according to the statement of the grammarians, to be pronounced double;

    wherefore, in such cases, it is also written double by many (e. g. by Cicero), as ajjo, Majja, ejjus, pejjus, etc.,

    Quint. 1, 4, 11; Prisc. p. 545 P.; Vel. Long. p. 2219 ib. al.; and in inscriptions with a tall I. The closest relation exists between j and the vowel i, and in the course of formation and inflection they are very often interchanged: Pompejus, Pompei; Gajus, Gai; jam, etiam, quoniam; ajo, aibam. By the poets, i was often hardened into j to form position: abjete, abjetibus, for abiete, abietibus; cf. Val. Prob. p. 1432 P.; Mar. Vict. p. 2474 ib. J is related to g, as magis, major. J arises from dj or di, as Juppiter, Jovis, from Djuppiter, Djovis. J was omitted before another i in compounds of jacio with monosyllabic prepositions: abicit, adicit, obicit, for abjicit, adjicit, objicit. The preposition is regularly long (Verg. A. 6, 421), but after the time of Ovid is sometimes shortened (Luc. 9, 188). A diphthong is sometimes formed with the preceding vowel: r??cĕ (Verg. E. 3, 96),??cĭt (Lucr. 3, 890). As an abbreviation, J. O. M. signifies Jovi Optimo Maximo; J. R. Juno Regina; J. V. T. Julia Victrix Togata.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > j

  • 14 France

       The continental European country with which Portugal has had the closest and most friendly relations since the Middle Ages and whose culture since early modern times has been the most important model for Portugal's culture. Beginning in the Reconquest, French groups assisted the Portuguese in fighting the Muslims, and Portugal's first royal dynasty was Burgundian. Various French religious orders settled in Portugal and brought new skills and ideas. Franco-Portuguese relations in diplomacy went through various phases after a virtual break between the two monarchies during the Hundred Years' War and Castile's campaigns to conquer Portugal up to the battle of Aljubarrota (1385), when France was the main ally of Castile. France gave Portugal vital assistance in the 16th and 17th centuries against Spanish aggression. French aid was given to Dom Antônio, Prior of Crato, who opposed Filipe's domination of Portugal, and to restoration Portugal during the War of Restoration (1640-68). With the important exception of the disastrous Napoleonic invasions and war (1807-11), Franco-Portuguese relations in diplomacy, trade, and culture were exceptionally good from the first quarter of the 19th century.
       In part as a response to unpopular Castilianization during Spain's domination, the Portuguese found French culture a comforting, novel foil and prestigious alternative. Despite Great Britain's dominance in matters commercial, diplomatic, and political under the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, French culture and politics came to enjoy primary importance in Portugal. Even in commerce, France was Portugal's third or fourth best customer during the 19th century. Especially between 1820 and 1960, French influence provided a major model for the well-educated.
       A brief list of some key political, literary, philosophical, and artistic ideas Portugal eagerly embraced is suggestive. King Pedro IV's 1826 Charter ( A Carta) was directly modeled on an early French constitution. French models of liberalism and socialism prevailed in politics; impressionism in art; romanticism and realism, Parnassian-ism, and symbolism in literature; positivism and Bergsonianism in philosophy, etc. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Portuguese language, including vocabulary and orthography (spelling), experienced extensive Frenchification. French became the second language of Portugal's elite, providing access to knowledge and information vital for the education and development of isolated Portugal.
       French cultural influences became pervasive and entered the country by various means: through the French invasions before 1811, trade and commerce, improved international communication and transportation, Portuguese emigration to France (which became a mass movement after 1950), and close diplomatic and intellectual relations. An example of the importance of French culture until recently, when British and American cultural influences have become more significant, was that works in French dominated foreign book sections in Portuguese bookstores. If Portugal retained the oldest diplomatic link in world history with Britain, its chief cultural model until recently was France. Until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the largest portion of Portugal's educated elite studying abroad resided in France and took French higher degrees. The pattern of Portuguese students in higher education abroad has diversified in the years since, and now a significant portion are studying in other European continental states as well as in Britain and the United States. Diplomatic posts in France rank high in the pecking order of Portugal's small foreign service.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > France

  • 15 Great Britain

    (England before 1707)
       Next to Spain, the country with which Portugal has had the closest diplomatic, political, and economic relations into contemporary times and during much of its history as a nation. Today, the two countries retain the formal bonds of the world's oldest diplomatic alliance. Whatever the diplomatic ups and downs of the alliance, Britain and Portugal increasingly linked their economies, starting with the Methuen Treaty ( 1703) in the early 18th century. "English woolens for Portuguese wines" was the essence of this trade arrangement, but many other products were traded between these two peoples with quite different religious and cultural features. Among economic links, now traditional, are those in banking and finance, manufacturing, agriculture, and trade.
       Portugal joined Britain in several international economic organizations well before Portugal entered the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union (EU), in 1986, among these the European Free Trade Association (in 1959), the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Tourism, too, has long been a key connection. Ever since the 1700s, privileged tourists have enjoyed the sun and citrus fruits of Portugal and Madeira for their health. Another significant link is that Britons comprise one of the largest foreign communities in Portugal. Tourism and foreign communities have increased considerably since the early 1960s, when cheap airfares began. Among EU members, Britain remains one of Portugal's largest foreign investors.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Great Britain

  • 16 πύθομαι

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to putrify, to decay' (Il.).
    Other forms: only pres.stem except καταπέπυθα κατερρύηκα H.; πύθω, fut. πύσω, aor. πῦσαι ( πύσαι Call.) `cause to rot', both also with κατα- (Il.; on the date of the attestations Wackernagel Unt. 133).
    Derivatives: Besides πύον, πύος n. `purulence' (Hp., Arist.); as 2. member in σαρκό-πυον n. `the festering of flesh' with - πυώδης (Hp.); adj., e.g. ἔμ-πυος `festering, full of festering ulcers' (Hp., Att.) with ἐμπυό-ομαι `to fester' (Hp.). πυθεδόνες pl. f. `festering ulcers' (hell.; after σηπεδών a.o.). Denominatives w. prefix: ἐκ-, ἐμ-, ἀπο-, δια-πυ-έω (- έομαι), - ίσκομαι (late - ίσκω) `to fester' with - πύ-ησις, - ημα, - ηματικός, - ητικός, - ικός (Hp. a. other medic.); late simplicia: πύ-ησις, - ητικός (Aret., Gal.).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [848] * puH- `rot'
    Etymology: Beside the θ-enlargement in πύ̄-θομαι, - θω ( βρί-θω, πλή-θω a.o.; Schwyzer 703), which can also be supposed for πύσω, πῦσαι, Sankrit has a yot-present pū́-ya-ti `rot' with the backformation pū́ya- m. n. `festering, pus' (so not identical with πύον), in Balt. a nasalpresent pū-nù and pū-vù (i.e. pų-vù) `id.', in Germ. an isolated ptc. OWNo. fūinn `rotten'. On an unenlarged primary verb go back also the nouns πύον, πύος, which have their closest agreements in Arm. hu, gen. hu-oy (o-st.) `festering blood' and Lat. pūs n. (from *puu̯os or *peu̯os?). Of the very frequent representatives of this goup, which may have its point of departure in an interjection pu `pfui', we mention only Lat. pūteō `rot', pŭter, - tris, - tre `rot', Germ., e.g. Goth. fūls ' rot'; further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 82, Pok. 848f., W.-Hofmann s. pūs, Fraenkel s. pū́ti, Mayrhofer s. pū́yati. To be rejected Specht Sprache 1, 46 (: with `pure' in Lat. pūrus etc. identical). -- Here also 2. πυός `beestings'; s. v.
    Page in Frisk: 2,621-622

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πύθομαι

  • 17 θάνατος

    θάνατος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)
    ① the termination of physical life, death
    ⓐ natural death J 11:4, 13; Hb 7:23; 9:15f; Rv 18:8 (s. also 1d); 1 Cl 9:3. Opp. ζωή (Mel., P. 49, 355; cp. 2a.) Ro 7:10; 8:38; 1 Cor 3:22; 2 Cor 1:9 (s. also 1bα); Phil 1:20. γεύεσθαι θανάτου taste death = die (γεύομαι 2) Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 8:52; Hb 2:9b. Also ἰδεῖν θάνατον (Astrampsychus p. 26 Dec. 48, 2. Also θεάομαι θ. p. 6 ln. 53) Lk 2:26; Hb 11:5; ζητεῖν τὸν θ. Rv 9:6 (where follows φεύγει ὁ θ. ἀπʼ αὐτῶν). θανάτου καταφρονεῖν despise death ISm 3:2; Dg 10:7a (Just., A II, 10, 8 al.; Tat. 11, 1 al.). περίλυπος ἕως θανάτου sorrowful even to the point of death (Jon 4:9 σφόδρα λελύπημαι ἕως θανάτου; Sir 37:2) Mt 26:38; Mk 14:34; ἄχρι θ. to the point of death of a devotion that does not shrink even fr. the sacrifice of one’s life Rv 2:10; 12:11 (TestJob 5:1; cp. Just., D. 30, 2 μέχρι θ. al.); διώκειν ἄχρι θανάτου persecute even to death Ac 22:4. Also διώκειν ἐν θανάτῳ B 5:11. διώκειν εἰς θ. AcPl Ha 11, 20 (opp. εἰς ζωήν). εἰς θ. πορεύεσθαι go to one’s death Lk 22:33. [ἀναβῆναι] εἰς τὸν τοῦ θανάτου [τόπον] AcPl Ha 6, 30. ἀσθενεῖν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ be nearly dead with illness Phil 2:27; ἐσφαγμένος εἰς θ. receive a fatal wound Rv 13:3a. ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου a fatal wound 13:3b, 12. φόβος θανάτου Hb 2:15.
    ⓑ of death as a penalty (Thu. et al.; Diod S 14, 66, 3: the tyrant is μυρίων θανάτων τυχεῖν δίκαιος=‘worthy of suffering countless deaths’; Just., A I, 45, 5 θανάτου ὁρισθέντος κατὰ … τῶν ὁμολογούντων τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Χριστοῦ al.).
    α. as inflicted by secular courts ἔνοχος θανάτου ἐστίν he deserves death (ἔνοχος 2bα) Mt 26:66; Mk 14:64; παραδιδόναι εἰς θ. betray, give over to death Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12 (ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf.). θανάτῳ τελευτᾶν die the death = be punished w. death Mt 15:4; Mk 7:10 (both Ex 21:17). ἄξιον θανάτου, deserving death (the entire clause οὐδὲν … αὐτῷ=he is not guilty of any capital crime; cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 144) Lk 23:15 (s. αἴτιος 2); Ac 23:29; 25:11, 25. αἴτιον θανάτου Lk 23:22 (s. αἴτιος 2). Also αἰτία θανάτου (Lucian, Tyrannic. 11) Ac 13:28; 28:18; κρίμα θ. sentence of death: παραδιδόναι εἰς κρίμα θ. sentence to death Lk 24:20; fig. ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θ. ἐσχήκαμεν 2 Cor 1:9. κατακρίνειν τινὰ θανάτῳ (εἰς θάνατον v.l.) condemn someone to death Mt 20:18.—Several of the pass. just quoted refer to the death sentence passed against Christ; sim., θάνατος is freq. used
    β. of the death of Christ gener. (Just., D. 52, 4 al.; ἀνθρώπου θ. ἀποθανεῖν Orig., C. Cels. 1, 61, 40): Ro 5:10; 6:3–5; 1 Cor 11:26; Phil 2:8a; 3:10; Col 1:22; Hb 2:14a; IEph 7:2; 19:1; IMg 9:1; ITr 2:1. τὸ πάθημα τ. θανάτου the suffering of death Hb 2:9. ἕως θανάτου καταντῆσαι even to meet death Pol 1:2.—GWiencke, Pls über Jesu Tod ’39.—The expr. ὠδῖνες τοῦ θανάτου, used Ac 2:24 in a passage referring to Christ, comes fr. the LXX, where in Ps 17:5 and 114:3 it renders חֶבְלֵי־מָוֶת (cp. 1QH 3, 7–12). This would lit. be ‘bonds of death’. But an interchange of חֶבֶל ‘bond’ and חֵבֶל ‘pain’, specif. ‘birth-pangs’, has made of it pangs of death (cp. a sim. interchange in 2 Km 22:6 al. LXX, and the expr. in Pol 1:2 λύσας τ. ὠδῖνας τοῦ ᾅδου after Ac 2:24 v.l.). This results in a remarkably complex metaphor (s. BGildersleeve, Pindar 1885, 355 on ‘telescoped’ metaphor) Ac 2:24, where death is regarded as being in labor, and unable to hold back its child, the Messiah (s. Beginn. IV ad loc.; Field, Notes 112).
    γ. of natural death as divine punishment (Did., Gen. 148, 25; 171, 9) Ro 5:12ab; 21; 1 Cor 15:21; B 12:2, 5.
    ⓒ of the danger of death (2 Ch 32:11) σῴζειν τινὰ ἐκ θανάτου save someone fr. death (PsSol 13:2 [ἀπὸ … θ.]; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 120 D.; Just., D. 98, 1 σωθῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ θ.) Hb 5:7. Also ῥύεσθαι ἐκ θ. 2 Cor 1:10 (Just., D. 111, 3). θάνατοι danger(s)/perils of death (Epict. 4, 6, 2; Ptolem., Apotel. 2, 9, 5; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 307 D.: ὥσπερ Ὀδυσσεὺς θ.; Maximus Tyr. 15, 8a; Philo, In Flacc. 175 προαποθνῄσκω πολλοὺς θανάτους) 11:23. μέχρι θανάτου ἐγγίζειν come close to dying Phil 2:30. 2 Cor 4:11, cp. vs. 12, is reminiscent of the constant danger of death which faced the apostle as he followed his calling.
    ⓓ of the manner of death (Artem. 1, 31 p. 33, 10; 4, 83 p. 251, 16 μυρίοι θ.=‘countless kinds of death’; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 25 [Stone p. 52] ἑβδομήκοντα δύο εἰσὶν θ.; ParJer 9:22; Ps.-Hecataeus: 264 Fgm. 21, 191 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 191]) ποίῳ θ. by what kind of death J 12:33; 18:32; 21:19. θ. σταυροῦ Phil 2:8b.
    ⓔ death as personified Ro 5:14, 17; 6:9; 1 Cor 15:26 (cp. Plut., Mor. 370c τέλος ἀπολεῖσθαι [for ἀπολείπεσθαι] τὸν Ἅιδην); vss. 54–56 (s. on κέντρον 1); Rv 1:18; 6:8a; 20:13f; 21:4; B 5:6; 16:9 (this concept among Jews [Hos 13:14; Sir 14:12; 4 Esdr 8, 53; SyrBar 21, 23; TestAbr A 16ff; Bousset, Rel.3 253, 2] and Greeks [ERohde, Psyche1903, II 241; 249; CRobert, Thanatos 1879].—JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 114ff; JUbbink, Paulus en de dood: NThSt 1, 1918, 3–10 and s. on ἁμαρτία 3a).
    ② death viewed transcendently in contrast to a living relationship with God, death extension of mng. 1 (Philo)
    ⓐ of spiritual death, to which one is subject unless one lives out of the power of God’s grace. θάνατον οὐ μὴ θεωρήσῃ J 8:51. Opp. ζωή 5:24; 1J 3:14; Ro 7:10; 8:6. This death stands in the closest relation to sin: Ro 7:13b; Js 1:15; 5:20; 2 Cl 1:6; Hv 2, 3, 1; also to the flesh: Paul thinks of the earthly body as σῶμα τ. θανάτου Ro 7:24. In contrast to the gospel the law of Moses engraved on stone διακονία τοῦ θανάτου service that leads to death 2 Cor 3:7 (cp. Tat. 14, 1 θανάτου … ἐπιτηδεύματα). The νόμος, which is τὸ ἀγαθόν, proves to be θάνατος death = deadly or cause of death Ro 7:13a. The unredeemed are ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου Mt 4:16; cp. Lk 1:79 (both Is 9:2). ἐν σκοτίᾳ θανάτου AcPl Ha 8, 32 (=BMM verso 4). This mng. of θάνατος cannot always be clearly distinguished fr. the foll., since spiritual death merges into
    ⓑ eternal death. θαν. αἰώνιος B 20:1. This kind of death is meant Ro 1:32; 6:16, 21, 23; 7:5; 2 Cor 7:10; 2 Ti 1:10; Hb 2:14b; B 10:5; 2 Cl 16:4; Dg 10:7b; Hv 1, 1, 8; m 4, 1, 2. ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον 1J 5:16f (Polyaenus 8, 32 bravery πρὸς θ.=‘to the point of death’; s. ἁμαρτάνω e and TestIss 7:1 ἁμαρτία εἰς θάνατον). ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον a fragrance that comes from death and leads to death 2 Cor 2:16. In Rv this (final) death is called the second death (ὁ δεύτερος θ. also Plut., Mor. 942f) 2:11; 20:6, 14b; 21:8 (s. TZahn, comm. 604–8).—GQuell, Die Auffassung des Todes in Israel 1926; JLeipoldt, D. Tod bei Griechen u. Juden ’42; TBarrosse, Death and Sin in Ro: CBQ 15, ’53, 438–59; ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55 (lit.); SBrandon, The Personification of Death in Some Ancient Religions, BJRL 43, ’61, 317–35.
    ③ a particular manner of death, fatal illness, pestilence and the like, as established by context (Job 27:15; Jer 15:2: θάνατος … μάχαιρα … λιμός) Rv 2:23. ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ κ. ἐν λιμῷ κ. ἐν θανάτῳ 6:8b; 18:8 (cp. PsSol 13:2; 15:7; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 10).—JToynbee, Death and Burial in the Roman World ’71; SHumphreys, The Family, Women, and Death ’83.—B. 287. DELG. BHHW III 1999–2001. 1609–13. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > θάνατος

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